A CASE FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE
Universal health care is a health coverage which is extended to all citizens of government region regardless of their ability to pay. Every citizen will be covered under a united health care system. Even the un-Incurables.
CASE FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE IN OUR COMMUNITY
INTRODUCTION
Over the last decades, Nigeria and its state has witnessed skyrocketing health care costs. Health coverage premiums have been arising on average by double- digit percentage points over the past decade, a rate of increase that is 2-3 times the rate of inflation. Because of these out-of-control health care costs, there has been a steep rise in the number of uncovered citizens. currently, more than 90% of the citizens of our state lack any form of health coverage, and thousands more are “underinsured” they have insurance but lack adequate financial protection from health care costs.
While this problem was a problem formerly confined to low-income citizens, more and more middle- class citizens are becoming directly affected by the problem. In the face of rising health care costs, fewer employers are able to provide their workers with health coverage: the percentage of employers offering health coverage has dropped tremdeously. Even if employers are able to provide health insurance benefits, the trend are towards providing high- deductible insurance that covers an ever- shrinking percentage of health care costs. The net result is that more and more employed middle- class find themselves with low- quality or no access to health care.
THE MORAL CASE FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE.
At its root, the lack of health care for all in our state is fundamentally a moral issue. Our state is one of the states in Nigeria that do not have some form of universal health care (defined as a basic guarantee of health care to all its citizens). While other regions have declared health care to be a basic right, our state treats health care as a privileged, only available to those who can afford it. In this sense, health care in our state is treated as economic good like a TV or VCR, not as a social or public good.
Many of our citizens have had to turn to various ways to get the type of health care need that they require. A good number resort to use of traditional medicine. The reason for this is because they find it cheaper and readily available. This method and its viability have never been proven by any medical research. Some others take their chances by going to the local chemist shop to receive medical treatment that may require. The problem with this is that people that operate these shops are not qualified to render the kind of help that recipients require. Other people have been known to visit healing of prayer houses, or just wait to die. In some other cases, people who actually visited a doctor, but were sent for things like further tested or x-rays, never completed their treatment because they did not have the money.
Our company also discovered a sicking trend people who were admitted to hospitals for procedures or ailments, but cannot afford to pay for their hospitalization were held hostage by these hospitals or encouraged to give up priced family inheritances like land in order to off-set their bills. Even in some government owned hospitals, medical personnel have been rumored to demand bribes from patients before treatment. Doctors have been known to ask patients to visit their private clinics in order to charge them higher fees for these procedures. The rate at which we lose women during child birth is not encouraging. The average life span in our state is 49 years, while the world average is 75. This is because our people cannot afford the high cost of medical treatment in our state.
The current challenge in our healthcare systems necessitates a critical look in our healthcare delivery systems to find ways to withstand the challenges.
It is an open fact that Nigeria, Anambra state inclusive is leading in numerous health hazards statistics world over. Examples are as follows:
2nd in mortality rate in maternal and child healthcare in the world (World bank).
2nd mortality rate in children under the age of five in the world (WHO).
3rd in HIV aids case in the world (USAID).
1st in new cancer cases in the world (Nigeria Ministry of Health).
These are to be mentioned but a few.
THE ECONOMIC CASE FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE
The central question surrounding the economic case for universal health care is whether achieving health care for all is financially feasible. The answer to this question comes in three parts:
How much would it cost it to achieve healthcare?
What are the costs of not achieving universal care?
Do the costs of achieving universal health care outweigh the benefits?
How much would it cost it to achieve healthcare?
There are number of costs involved with achieving universal health care.
The additional health care that would be used the uninsured if they had insurance: E.g. the so called fee-for service instituted by the NHIS.
The costs of covering the out- of pocket costs the uninsured currently pay.
The cost of covering uncompensated care costs provided by hospitals, physicians, and other providers to the uninsured
What are the costs of not achieving universal care?
Fewer years of participation in the workforce i.e. high mortality rate. For instance, the average life spans for our citizens have been put at 49years according to world health organization (WHO).
Developmental losses for children from mostly poor families due to poor health.
Costs to public programs due to fear of participation.
COST OF HIGH RATES OF UNINSURANCE TO COMMUNITIES
Lower health care delivery capacity.
Impaired access to emergency departments.
Weakened local economy due to poor health and high mortality.
Adverse effect on public health
Unnecessary use of ER, and under-use.
Lack of penetrative care and adequate care of chronic disease.
THE CULTURAL CASE FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE
“Economic goods that can be valued in monetary terms are not the only kinds of goods that we value having. Providing certain important goods like health care to all members of society has its own value” lack of universal health care in our state not only has hidden costs, it represents lost opportunities, to more fully realize important social and political ideas that account for our nation’s political stability and vitality. Extending the social benefit of universal health care would help us make implicit and explicit democratic political commitments of equal opportunity and mutual concern and respect more meaningful and concrete.
These two quotes from the institute of medicine’s report on the uninsured capture the essence of the cultural argument for universal health care- the idea that universal health care is not just consistent with our state’s values but demanded by them. Clearly it is extremely challenging to define our values as a whole, and what follows are generalizations that may not apply to every citizens of our state.
HOW CAN THE EXPENSE OF HEALTH COVERAGE BE ATHREAT TO OUR COMMUNITY?
Having a close family: the stress borne by families with members who have extremely high health care costs or who are ill because they cannot access health care has been documented in several studies. Dealing with hospital bills and prescription costs is often stressful financially; even to well to do families. Children in particular are harmed by familial stress and developmental delays from not receiving health care, both of which can lead to behavioral problems and loss of potential.
Having the freedom to make decision about life: the freedom to make decisions about one’s life includes having the financial resources to pursue one’s goals. More explicitly, the “job lock” phenomena, in which millions of citizens stay with job they don’t like because it provides health coverage, is a clear barrier to being able to freely make decisions about how your life plays out.
Being able to provide for yourself and your family: with health care premiums increasing 2-3 times the rate of inflation and increases in average monthly earnings, employers are forcing employees to pay a greater share of the health insurance premiums. In addition, employers are increasingly passing their increased health insurance costs to employees by not raising wages. Health insurance is a form of compensation even though it is not counted as salary, and if businesses want to keep total compensation per worker steady, they often hold wages the same when health insurance premiums increase. Finally, private health insurance is trending towards high- deductible insurance that provides less protection against health care costs than before. All of these conspire to the amount the average citizens are paying both to have health insurance and to use the health care system.
THE UNINSURED
The most visible victims of our state’s decision to treat care as the 4.5 millions citizens who lack insurance or healthcare coverage. In contrast to prevailing stereotypes, 80% of the uninsured are hardworking citizens who are employed or come from working family. However, they are unable to obtain coverage through their job either because their employer does not offer it or that the employer share of the premium is too expensive, or they are not eligible for health coverage for health coverage(e.g. they are part-time or have not worked long enough at the job).
The problems of accessing health care for the uninsured have been detailed extensively.
The uninsured or those without health coverage are less likely to be able to fill prescriptions and more likely to pay much more of their money out –of pocket for prescription.
The uninsured are 3-4 times more likely than those with insurance to report problems getting needed medical care, even for serious conditions.
The uninsured are less likely to have a regular source of health care.
The uninsured are less likely to get needed penetrative care.
The uninsured are less likely to be forced to delay medical services, affecting the timeline of diagnosis and thus the prognosis of the diseases process.
The uninsured are less likely to receive poor care for chronic disease.
As result of these difficulties in accessing health care, the non-partisan institute of Medicine estimates that the uninsured have an excess annual mortality rate of 25%. This increased mortality translates into 80,000 excess deaths for people between age 25- 64 per year, which is of comparable magnitude to the number of people in this age group who die each year from diabetes, stroke, HIV, and homicide.
The suffering caused by lack of coverage goes far beyond the purely physical suffering experienced by uninsured individuals. Emotionally, lack of health coverage contributes to anxiety, familial stress, depression, and fear. Financially, medical costs are major cause of personal bankruptcy. Even without bankruptcy, the financial strain on families can be significant and potentially ruinous.
In the end, while all of these facts and figures are sobering, they cannot capture the true human dimension of the suffering caused by lack of health coverage. To truly understand this dimension. One has merely to turn to the numerous horror stories in the media that portray the victims of our states inability to guarantee health care to all the patients who are forced to decide between pills and food, the patient diagnosed with inoperable late-stage cancer after not receiving penetrative care, and so on. The stories of these patients may seem like isolated anecdotes for some, but for the vast majority of our citizens, these stories hit disturbingly close home. The victims are friends, neighbors, and increasingly, family members.
CONCLUSION
It is tempting to believe that the current design of health care system is untenable-that the system is on the verge of collapse. Yet, countless of reforms have proclaimed the impending doom of the health care system throughout the years, only to see our health system morph into an externally different yet still fundamentally flawed entity. The only way we can avoid repeating this abysmal cycle is fully engage the central questions underlying this issue. Is it indeed acceptable to deny people health care based on their ability to pay?. Or is healthcare a basic need that should be provided to every citizen as a matter of course? If the answer is latter, than we need to overcome the remarkable inertia of our health care system and create a society in which health care is available to all.
Thursday, August 26, 2010
HEALTH PROMOTION
An enlightenment health talk .The trust of health promotion is to enable the individuals and the community to take charge of their health by adapting measures and life styles that will ensure a positive health outlook..
As we know, health means more than the absence of disease or sickness. According to the WHO definition, Health is a state of complete mental, physical and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease.
Before now, only departure from the first two parameters namely mental and physical wellbeing were used to identify and define sickness. Suffice it to say that social maladies like poverty, maladjustment and poor adaptation and integration are evidence of poor health.
Implicit upon the above premises is that health promotion is multipronged and multi disciplinary involving such diverse endeavours like poverty alleviation programme, (PAP), food production and availability, education, environmental protection, water and hygiene, sports, housing, Material and child health and essential drug availability.
Every laudable human endeavour will have Health Promotion as an end or target. It is oftern said that a healthy nation is a wealthy nation. If we look closely, we will also find out that, more often than not, a healthy nation is a wealthy and powerful nation. President Obama’s health reform programme is a case in point. By this programme, the government picks the health bill of the common man in the street. With this health reform programme, the American government channels most of her budget towards ensuring the health of her citizens.
I am emphasizing on this because in this environment, we are yet to appreciate the fact that money is not an end but rather a means to an end which from the fore going is health. It may surprise you that a man who has millions of Naira stashed away in his bank account accommodates his family in one room face me-I –face-you apartment. Such a millionaire fails to provide balanced nutrition for his family. His pregnant wife does not attend ante-natal clinic rather she patronizes traditional birth attendants. The millionaire neither has a family doctor nor avails himself of the nearest health facility in his vicinity. He rather goes to the patent medicine dealer or the chemist because he feels it is cheaper.
He will not take his aged parents to the hospital during their illness. He would rather spend millions in public displays such as funeral and marriage ceremonies. Because I have been made a judge in this matter, I stand here to tell us that the man who named his son ‘AKUBUEZE’ is wrong. I also reiterate that the man who named his son ‘NDUBUISI’ is right. Indeed, health should be first. The foremost reason we worship God is because “He is the Lord that Health us”
The United Nations Organization underscores the priority position of health when it launched the millennium development Goals (MDGs) initiative. That four out of the eight elements of MDG revolve around health shows the pivotal role of health in international development. These are goals to be achieved as it were, by the year 2015. the four elements that concern health directly includes:
MDG 4. Reduction of child morality: to reduce by 2/3rd , between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
MDG 5. Improve maternal Health: To reduce by ¾, between 1990 and 2015,the maternal mortality ratio and to achieve by 2015, universal/access to reproductive health.
MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
MDG 7. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. To halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger by 2015.
The other four elements do not involve health directly. They, however, ultimately
Tend to promote health.
Since those who should know have made health a priority, it behooves governments,
Communities, churches and individuals to make health a priority. Communities should partner with the government to ensure that adequately staffed and well equipped health facilities are located within their locality. The parishes, besides building their worship centers, should aim to have a functional health facility within the parish or archdeaconry at least.
Elements of Health Promotion:
1) On the individual: The individuals in the community should ensure environmental cleanliness and safe work environment. Most of us work and earn our livings in the market. Our market is very dirty. The dirtiness is our own making. Most of the refuses are combustible; yet we allow them to litter the front of our shops and business premises. May I re-emphasize that our markets and parks are too dirty to accommodate healthy individuals. Government will not sweep our business premises for us. Dumping of refuse into drainage system should be eschewed.
2) Housing: Every one should strive to ensure that his family lives in a decent accommodation. You may need to spend less on clothing and trivialities.
3) Food and Nutrition: Balanced diet containing the basic and essential nutrition in adequate promotions should be targeted. Malnutrition comprises a spectrum with two extremes. Under nutrition when feeding is inadequate and over nutrition where the feeding is excessive tending towards obesity, hypertension and disbetes mellitus and other diseases.
4) Water & sanitation: Water is necessary for health. Our government has not lived up to its obligation in this area. The government should be complimented by individuals. Instead of buying Hummer Jeep and attracting undue attentions, families should make their own bore holes to ensure constant water supply. Availability of water promotes cleanliness as we know cleanliness is next Godliness.
5) Material Health: The health of the woman is crucial to the overall health of the society. Pregnant woman should enlist for Ante-natal care early enough. This will ensure early detection of any departure from health of either or both mother and fetus.
6) Child Health: includes disease prevention by way of immunization, growth monitoring, nutrition and disease surveillance. Early detection of disease and treatment is important especially for malaria and other child killer diseases. Home treatment is an early intervention which is encouraged as it is beneficial to the overall outcome of disease management. But when the illness is perceived to progress, then the child should be sent to the hospital.
7) The government should make affordable drugs available in health facilities. This will encourage individuals to seek treatment early enough.
ROUTINE SCREENINGS
Routine screening for the promotion of health is necessary for all; but every group
of people has screenings are particularly necessary for early detection of diseases.
All individuals:
1a. Blood Sugar estimation: This test is best done in the fasting state ie before breakfast. The normal blood sugar in this state ranges from 65mg/dl-120mg/dl (3.3-5.6mmol/L) the doctor or health care giver will be able to detect departures from the normal range and give the required advice.
b. Blood Pressure Check: High Blood Pressure is a silent killer. Fortunately, it is easily detected by checking the mid- arm Blood pressure using the sphygmomanometer. If one is hypertensive and suddenly feels headache, you should see your doctor immediately, take the appropriate medication and rest. Both Diatetes Mellitus and hypertension predisposes the patients to cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) or stroke.
Stroke is avoidable if necessary measures are taken and on time
c. Serum Cholesterol:
This is a fat-like substance found in the blood High level of Cholesterol predisposes an individual to heart diseases and even stroke. It is therefore advised that people check their blood cholesterol as often as once yearly. To lower the blood items rich in saturated fat.
Cholesterol check is particularly necessary for individuals of 45 years and above who have disbetes, high blood pressure, heart disease running in the family and those who smoke.
2. Peculiar Health screenings for women:
a. Every woman should always daily palpate her breasts and if any lump is felt, should report to her doctor. Mammography is a screening test for breast disorders and is available in some centres. Mammogram should be done every 1-2 years from the age of 40. it helps to detect breast centre at early stage.
b. Cervical screening: Quarterly swabs for culture of virginal and cervical secretions or discharges help to detect infections of the genital track.
Having a pap smear every 1-3 years helps to detect cancer of the cervix early enough for appropriate treatment. This is particularly necessary for women who are sexually active and between the ages of 21-65 years.
3. Peculiar screenings for men:
Men above the age of 40 years are advised to screen for cancer of the prostrate; at least once a year. This is very necessary because cancer of prostrate may mimick the more friendly benign enlargement of prostrate.
Thanks and God bless.
As we know, health means more than the absence of disease or sickness. According to the WHO definition, Health is a state of complete mental, physical and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease.
Before now, only departure from the first two parameters namely mental and physical wellbeing were used to identify and define sickness. Suffice it to say that social maladies like poverty, maladjustment and poor adaptation and integration are evidence of poor health.
Implicit upon the above premises is that health promotion is multipronged and multi disciplinary involving such diverse endeavours like poverty alleviation programme, (PAP), food production and availability, education, environmental protection, water and hygiene, sports, housing, Material and child health and essential drug availability.
Every laudable human endeavour will have Health Promotion as an end or target. It is oftern said that a healthy nation is a wealthy nation. If we look closely, we will also find out that, more often than not, a healthy nation is a wealthy and powerful nation. President Obama’s health reform programme is a case in point. By this programme, the government picks the health bill of the common man in the street. With this health reform programme, the American government channels most of her budget towards ensuring the health of her citizens.
I am emphasizing on this because in this environment, we are yet to appreciate the fact that money is not an end but rather a means to an end which from the fore going is health. It may surprise you that a man who has millions of Naira stashed away in his bank account accommodates his family in one room face me-I –face-you apartment. Such a millionaire fails to provide balanced nutrition for his family. His pregnant wife does not attend ante-natal clinic rather she patronizes traditional birth attendants. The millionaire neither has a family doctor nor avails himself of the nearest health facility in his vicinity. He rather goes to the patent medicine dealer or the chemist because he feels it is cheaper.
He will not take his aged parents to the hospital during their illness. He would rather spend millions in public displays such as funeral and marriage ceremonies. Because I have been made a judge in this matter, I stand here to tell us that the man who named his son ‘AKUBUEZE’ is wrong. I also reiterate that the man who named his son ‘NDUBUISI’ is right. Indeed, health should be first. The foremost reason we worship God is because “He is the Lord that Health us”
The United Nations Organization underscores the priority position of health when it launched the millennium development Goals (MDGs) initiative. That four out of the eight elements of MDG revolve around health shows the pivotal role of health in international development. These are goals to be achieved as it were, by the year 2015. the four elements that concern health directly includes:
MDG 4. Reduction of child morality: to reduce by 2/3rd , between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
MDG 5. Improve maternal Health: To reduce by ¾, between 1990 and 2015,the maternal mortality ratio and to achieve by 2015, universal/access to reproductive health.
MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
MDG 7. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. To halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger by 2015.
The other four elements do not involve health directly. They, however, ultimately
Tend to promote health.
Since those who should know have made health a priority, it behooves governments,
Communities, churches and individuals to make health a priority. Communities should partner with the government to ensure that adequately staffed and well equipped health facilities are located within their locality. The parishes, besides building their worship centers, should aim to have a functional health facility within the parish or archdeaconry at least.
Elements of Health Promotion:
1) On the individual: The individuals in the community should ensure environmental cleanliness and safe work environment. Most of us work and earn our livings in the market. Our market is very dirty. The dirtiness is our own making. Most of the refuses are combustible; yet we allow them to litter the front of our shops and business premises. May I re-emphasize that our markets and parks are too dirty to accommodate healthy individuals. Government will not sweep our business premises for us. Dumping of refuse into drainage system should be eschewed.
2) Housing: Every one should strive to ensure that his family lives in a decent accommodation. You may need to spend less on clothing and trivialities.
3) Food and Nutrition: Balanced diet containing the basic and essential nutrition in adequate promotions should be targeted. Malnutrition comprises a spectrum with two extremes. Under nutrition when feeding is inadequate and over nutrition where the feeding is excessive tending towards obesity, hypertension and disbetes mellitus and other diseases.
4) Water & sanitation: Water is necessary for health. Our government has not lived up to its obligation in this area. The government should be complimented by individuals. Instead of buying Hummer Jeep and attracting undue attentions, families should make their own bore holes to ensure constant water supply. Availability of water promotes cleanliness as we know cleanliness is next Godliness.
5) Material Health: The health of the woman is crucial to the overall health of the society. Pregnant woman should enlist for Ante-natal care early enough. This will ensure early detection of any departure from health of either or both mother and fetus.
6) Child Health: includes disease prevention by way of immunization, growth monitoring, nutrition and disease surveillance. Early detection of disease and treatment is important especially for malaria and other child killer diseases. Home treatment is an early intervention which is encouraged as it is beneficial to the overall outcome of disease management. But when the illness is perceived to progress, then the child should be sent to the hospital.
7) The government should make affordable drugs available in health facilities. This will encourage individuals to seek treatment early enough.
ROUTINE SCREENINGS
Routine screening for the promotion of health is necessary for all; but every group
of people has screenings are particularly necessary for early detection of diseases.
All individuals:
1a. Blood Sugar estimation: This test is best done in the fasting state ie before breakfast. The normal blood sugar in this state ranges from 65mg/dl-120mg/dl (3.3-5.6mmol/L) the doctor or health care giver will be able to detect departures from the normal range and give the required advice.
b. Blood Pressure Check: High Blood Pressure is a silent killer. Fortunately, it is easily detected by checking the mid- arm Blood pressure using the sphygmomanometer. If one is hypertensive and suddenly feels headache, you should see your doctor immediately, take the appropriate medication and rest. Both Diatetes Mellitus and hypertension predisposes the patients to cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) or stroke.
Stroke is avoidable if necessary measures are taken and on time
c. Serum Cholesterol:
This is a fat-like substance found in the blood High level of Cholesterol predisposes an individual to heart diseases and even stroke. It is therefore advised that people check their blood cholesterol as often as once yearly. To lower the blood items rich in saturated fat.
Cholesterol check is particularly necessary for individuals of 45 years and above who have disbetes, high blood pressure, heart disease running in the family and those who smoke.
2. Peculiar Health screenings for women:
a. Every woman should always daily palpate her breasts and if any lump is felt, should report to her doctor. Mammography is a screening test for breast disorders and is available in some centres. Mammogram should be done every 1-2 years from the age of 40. it helps to detect breast centre at early stage.
b. Cervical screening: Quarterly swabs for culture of virginal and cervical secretions or discharges help to detect infections of the genital track.
Having a pap smear every 1-3 years helps to detect cancer of the cervix early enough for appropriate treatment. This is particularly necessary for women who are sexually active and between the ages of 21-65 years.
3. Peculiar screenings for men:
Men above the age of 40 years are advised to screen for cancer of the prostrate; at least once a year. This is very necessary because cancer of prostrate may mimick the more friendly benign enlargement of prostrate.
Thanks and God bless.
CAREER GUIDE FOR NIGERIAN SCHOOLS
CAREER GUIDE FOR NIGERIAN SCHOOLS COMPLIED BY A. UDO
CHOOSING A CAREER: Career involves receiving training in a particular job or profession which one must follow all his/her life. In choosing life’s careers students often find it difficult taking such life long decisions.
Choosing a career demands the help of an enlightened person known as the caree’s counselor well informed on different careers and their job opportunities.
“Career Guide” is very important for students and readers, because one who chooses wrong subjects might end up choosing wrong career and therefore might, also ruin his/her future.
Finally in career’s choice, one must put into cognizance the professional and the non-professional careers.
Professional career are those which instant self-employment for the undertakes at the end of the training e.g. law, medical and pharmaceutical science, engineering, Art, music, Architecture, mass-communication, Agriculture etc.
The non- professional courses do not offer instant self-employment. Government or corporate organization may employ those who read them.
So if you want to be who you want to be, please, choose a career through the help of this “Career Guide”.
A.UDO
ACCOUNTANCY (ACCOUNTING):- Accounting is to record the day-to-day transactions, of an enterprise and summarize such recordings in form of receipts and payment accounts, income and expenditure accounts, profit and loss accounts and balance sheets.
Accountancy is the study of accounting and Book-keeping. It enables the person studying it to understand and record the methods and principles on how an enterprise grows over the years in addition with the financial position of an enterprise, at a particular date.
(a) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: As an accountant, you are qualified to work in Banks, and other financial institutions, industries, schools, hospital etc.
(b) REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS; For any student to be an accountant, he/she must have five credits in English language, mathematics, Accounting (book-keeping)/Economics and any other two subjects.
ARCHITECTURE:-
(a) It deals with the science and the art of design and construction of buildings and structures alike.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: An architect can easily be employed in the construction companies, various arms of the government, can be self-employed as well as teach in a higher institution or post primary school.
(c) REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits including English language, physics, mathematics, fine and applied art, technical Drawing, Geography etc.
ART (FINE AND APPLIED)
(a) Art is a means of self expression involving things done with skill and good taste.
(b) VARIOUS ASPECTS OF ART: They are textile design, graphics, painting, ceramics, sculpture, theatre art etc.
(c) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: They can work in ceramic industries, radio, T.V. and publishing companies, advertising and packaging companies; hospitals etc. an artist can be self-employed.
(d) REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits including art, mathematics, English language and three other subjects,
ARCHAEOLOGY:
(a) It is a method of learning about the past by studying the things left behind by the former people. These things may consist of the remains of their houses, graves, tools, pot etc. the most important tool of archaeology is excavation.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: An archaeologist can work in the various arms of government, Radio, TV etc.
(c) REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits in English Language, Mathematics and three sciences.
ASTRONOMY:
It deals with the study of heavenly bodies – stars, moon etc. (i.e. the study of every thing beyond the confines of the earth.) Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that deals with the physics and the chemistry of heavenly bodies and interstellar space. One who studied astronomy is called an astronomer.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Apart from being a good material in the aviation industries, other research organizations are available for astronomers.
REQUISITE O’LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits O’ Level pass in English language mathematics, physics, Geography etc.
AGRICULTURE:
Agriculture is the entire science, art, and practice of cultivation of the soil as pasture, the production of crops, and it also embraces rearing livestock, forestry, fur-farming etc. Agriculture has so many branches such as agricultural education, Animal husbandry, Agricultural engineering, veterinary medicine, Agricultural science and extension, Fishery, Crop science, Horticulture etc.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Agriculture can work in Banks or any financial institution, industries, schools, government parastatals and they can also be self-employed.
REQUISITE O’LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits pass including agricultural science, English language, mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, economics, geography etc. degree programmes require compulsory credit in chemistry for Vet. Medicine, crop science, animal husbandry, Fishery, Horticulture, Agric-Engineering requires physics while Agric-Economics and Extension require mathematics, economics and one science subject.
ANTHROPOLOGY
This is the study of man as an animal and as a member of a society. An anthropologist is one who studied anthropology.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Anthropologist can work in the Federal, State and Local government, ministry of culture, museum etc. They can also teach in university or other tertiary institutions or post primary school and other research outfits.
REQUISITE O’LEVEL SUBJECTS: For the above course is five credits which must include English language, mathematics Chemistry, Biology,
ATOMICPHYSICS
It deals with atom, Nuclear Energy, Radiation, Subatomic particles.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Various research outfits, industries are readily available.
REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits in mathematics, further mathematics, physics, Chemistry etc.
BANKING AND FINANCE:
(a) It is the study of the rules and principles of banking as regards finance and it deals with necessary policies of related enterprises.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: One who read banking and finance is regarded as a banker and has the chances of working in the bank, insurance and other financial institutions, government ministries, hospital etc.
(c) REQUISITE O’LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credit pass in English language, mathematics, Economics/commerce and any other two arts subject.
BOTANY
(a) This is the study of plant.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Botanists can work in the Agriculture department ministries. They can lecture in a university or teach in post primary school. They can also work in research organizations.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credit level pass in English, Biology, Chemistry etc
BIOLOGY:
(a) It is the study of physical life, its two main divisions are zoology and botany. It is also subdivided into morphology, physiology, embryology, cytology, histology, genetics and paleontology etc
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A biologist can work in research organizations and various industries, teach in post primary and tertiary schools.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credit level pass in English, Biology, Chemistry, mathematics, physics etc
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(a) Business administration is the field of study (discipline) that deals with the administrative work on how business (enterprise) is administered and managed. It is the study of how an organizational activity could be coordinated and achieved with the aid of institution.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: One who reads business administration ultimately becomes the administrator under any business organization. He/she has to be seen as the Head, Manager, administrative officer in establishments like Banks, Insurance agencies, Industries, Hospitals, Schools,
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credit level pass in English, Mathematics, Accounts/Economics and any other two arts subject
BIOPHYSICS
(a) it deals with the enzymes, Evolution, mendelism Radiology etc
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES. As in biology
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT. as in biology
CHEMISTRY.
(a)it is the science of the element and compounds and their laws of combination and behavior under various conditions. It deals with the properties and changes of matter. Chemistry is divided into (a) Organic chemistry (b) Inorganic chemistry.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES: he/she can work in various industries such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pain industries etc. he/she can work in a research organization, teach in post primary/tertiary schools.
© REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credits in English language, chemistry, mathematics, physics, Biology etc.
CARTOGRAPHY:
(a) it deals with the drawing of maps
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A cartographer has many job opportunities, especially in the aviation, army, oil industries and can also work in the various arms of the government.
CRIMINOLOGY:
(a) it is the study of the cause and treatment of crime, it involves the application of a scientific methods and knowledge drawn. From biology, medicine, psychology and low
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A criminologist(one who studies criminology) can easily fit in any establishment-police, army, prison, bank, schools, and industries etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: criminology is the combination of both arts and science subjects and as such require five credits- English language, Biology, Chemistry, Literature in English, Government etc
ECONOMICS
(a) Economics deals with the knowledge of how an economy works both on the micro levels. There are two aspects of economics (1) MICRO ECONOMICS: It is the aspect of economics that studies about the individual as he is affected by the economy (2) MACRO ECONOMICS deals with the aggregate economics activities such as taxation, national income etc
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: An economist can be employed in any organization such as financial institutions (Bank, Insurance companies etc) government and its palatals etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Mathematics, English language, Economics, and others.
ECOLOGY
(a) it is a branch of biology that deals with living organism habits, mode of life and relation to their surroundings.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: An ecologist (one who studies Ecology) can easily work with the various arm of the government ministry that has to do with environment and can also fit in properly in any industry.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credits pass in English Language, Mathematics, Biology, others include Geography, chemistry etc
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
(a) English Language is a course which studies the structure and usage of the Language of the English (British) people.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: As a global language in today’s world, a graduate of the English Language has job chances in schools as a teacher/lecturer, electronic media establishments (Radio and television station) banks (i.e. in the information technology sections)etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: English Language, Literature- in English, Government/history, Christian Religious Knowledge, one choice of tertiary institution)
ENGINEERING
(a) Engineering is the art of designing public utilities, bridges, roads, canals, gas work etc. It Involves making of engines and various components etc. One who studied engineering is called an ENGINEER.
(b) VARIOUS BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING.
(1) CIVIL ENGINEERING: It deals with the construction of road and other structures like bridges, buildings etc
(2) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: Deals with the design and construction of electrical components, electrification of rural and urban areas etc
(3) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING: Deals with the design, construction and repairs of various machines.
(4) AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING: It deals with the design, construction and repairs of agricultural equipment.
(5) CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: It deals with the production of various chemical products e.g. cement, asbestos, admixtures etc
(6) METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING: It Deals with extraction of different metals from their ores, their production and formation, their uses and various equipment they can be used to construct.
(7) METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING: Deals with the study, repairs and maintenance of computer system.
(8) STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING: It deals with the design and construction of heavy structures like bridges, multi-storey building etc
(9)AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING: It deals with the repairs and maintenance of automobile.
(10) Aeronautic engineering: It deals with the design, repair and maintenance of airplanes and other aircrafts.
(11) WATER ENGINEERING: It deals with the supply of water network
(12) MARINE ENGINEERING: It deals with the design, repairs and maintenance of sea facilities like ship, engine boats etc.
(13) MINING ENGINEERING: It deals with the extraction of different minerals etc
(14) PETROL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: It deals with the various processes applied at the refinery to produce light gaseous hydrocarbon form the basis upon which a petrochemical industry has been built up, for the production of plastic, rubber, nylon, fiber etc.
(15) PETROLEUM ENGINEERING: It deals with the study of crude inflammable oil, which is chemically a complex mixture of hydrocarbon with small amount of other substances etc
(C) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: An engineer has chances in the following
jobs.
(1) He/she can lecture in a higher institution of post primary school.
(2) He/she can be employed in the Federal, state or local Government especially in the works departments.
(3) He/she can work with various construction companies, oil companies
(4) He/she can be self employed.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credits pass in English Language, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and of Geography Technical Drawing, Art etc
ESTATE MANAGEMENT
(a) It is defined as all fact of the use, development and management of urban land, including the sale, purchase and letting of residential, commercial and industrial property and the management of urban estates and advice to clients on planning.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: An estate manager, value, surveyor can work in banks, oil companies, construction companies, government ministries. They can be self employed (consultants).
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credit in English Language, Mathematics, and Chemistry etc.
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
(a) Guidance counseling is all about helping people solve their educational, vocational, person and social problems
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: The school is the main place the guidance counselor works. There he direct and guide students so that they will achieve self-actualization and take decision on their own and become responsible for such decision helping them exploit their potential. The guidance counselor can also work in the prisons, the military, social welfare etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credits pass with English Language.
GEOLOGY
(a) It deals with the science of the earth crust, its strata, relations and changes.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A geologist can work in the oil, mining and research industries. He/she can also teach in the higher institution and post primary school.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credits pass in Mathematics, Physics, English, Geography etc
GEOGRAPHY
(a) it is the science that deals with the study of the earths surface from physical natural and political division climate production and population
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Geography can work with the aviation oil and mining industries There are jobs in the various arms of the government for them and teaching in both the higher institution and post primary school is available
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credits level pass including English geography.
HOROLOGY
(d) Horology is the art of making and measuring time- clocks, watches etc.
(e) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Being a professional course a graduate of horology can easily establish and become a self employed. He/she can easily fit into any arms of government and other establishments.
(f) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credits level pass in physics, chemistry, mathematics, English Language and others.
HOME ECONOMICS
(a) it is the application of many sciences and arts towards achieving a healthy and happy home. It concerns its with careful management of human and material resources for individuals, families and communities.
(b) VARIOUS ASPECTS OF HOME ECONOMICS
They are clothing and Texiles, Food and Nutrition, Home management and family living.
(c) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A home economist can teach in the post primary and tertiary schools work in the hotel, food and fashion industries, he/she can also be self-employed
(d) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credits level pass in English Language, mathematics, chemistry, biology, Literature in English, etc.
HISTORY
(a) History is a course which studies past events according to order of their occurrence from the foundation of this world to the present.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A historian has job opportunities in the national museums, achieves, military and Para military outfits such as the army, police customs, etc. He/she could teach/lecture in schools (tertiary institution) etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: History, Government, English, Crs, a science subject and or Mathematics.
LAB- TECHNOLOGY
(a) It deals directly with laboratory investigation of disease
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A lab technologist can easily be self-employed, work in the hospital, drug manufacturing industries etc.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credits level pass including English language, Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Mathematics etc
LAW
(a) Law deals with the body of enacted or customary rules recognize by a community as binding. It is four year professional course studied in a university. The graduate is called to the “Bar” or “Beach” after attending the Nigeria law school which last for about one year..
(b) Different branches of law include
(1) Company law (2) civil law (3) common law, Islamic law (4) commercial law (5) private and property law (6) public and international law. Etc
© JOB OPPORTUNITIES: As a professional course, a lawyer can be self-employed, be employed by various arms of the government and other organizations such as banks, corporate bodies, etc.
(D) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credits level pass including English language, government, literature-in English, CRK.
LINGUISTIC
(a) Linguistics is the scientific study of language (speech sounds). The major branch of linguistic is ACOUSTICS which studies the aero-dynamics of sounds (How sounds move in air).
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Because of its scientific nature a graduate of linguistic (linguist) could secure a job in any audio or audio-visual electronic company. A linguist could also teach/lecture in schools (either secondary or tertiary)
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: English Language, literature, Government/History, Christian Religious Knowledge, a science subject and or Mathematics.
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
(a) Library and information science deals with the library as a store house of knowledge, its importance, and uses for the proper education of the masses. It also deals with the study of dissemination of information to heterogeneous and diversified people through the use of library.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: He/she can work in the banks (information technology dept), libraries, media house, schools and various industries.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: As in mass-communication, but some schools insists on including one science subject like Agric Science.
MASS COMMUNICATIONS
(a) mass communication is a course that studies how information, entertainment and enlighten are passed across to a large number of people (audience) through the mass communication media – traditional, electronic and print which comprise the radio, television, cinema, magazines, newspapers and other journals.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Now that we live in the age of globalization, internet, and computer, the mass communicator remains the only vehicle for mass communication. The graduate of mass communication has job opportunities in TV and Radio stations, Banks (in the information technology department of banks). They can also work as après secretary to government functionaries etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: The required o’ level subject include English, literature in English, Government/history, CRK/Economics, Mathematics or any science subject.
MEDICINE
(a) Medicine is the science that studies the treat of human sickness. Before someone is qualifies to practice medicine include
1. SURGERY: it deals with the manual treatment of injuries, deformities and diseases by operation.
2. MEDICINE: it deals with the restoration of injuries and preservation of health by mean of remedial substances and regulation of diet etc.
3. GYNECOLOGY:IT deals with the science of the reproductive aspect of human life especially women.
4. 0RTHOPEDICS: specializes in the treatment of the structural aspect of human life.
5. DERMATOLOGY: it deals with the skin and related problem.
6. CHIROPODY: it deals with the treatment of feet, toe nail etc.
7. PSYCHIATRY: Deals with the treatment of mental disease.
8. PATHOLOGY: the study of disease.
9. ANATOMY; the study that deals with the arrangement of human parts.
10. OBSTETRICS: Deals with childbirth.
11. PEDIATRICS: deals with care and disease of babies.
12. ANESTHETICS: it deals with the depression of the central nervous system etc (deals with the nature of pain in the body)an invaluable partner in surgery,
13 RADIOLOGY: A scientific study of X-ray, activities, therapy,
14 VIROLOGY: deals with virus.
15. BACTERIOLOGY: study of bacteria.
16. IMMUNOLOGY: study of the immune system
17. CARDIOLOGY: study of the urine and related disease of the heart.
18 URINOLOGY: study of the urine and related disease etc.
19 DENTISTRY: Deals with the teeth.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A medical doctor can readily be self employed, he/she can work with government and private hospitals, health institutions, lecture in a higher institution etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credit level in English language mathematics, chemistry, biology, physics etc.
METEROLOGY
(a) It is the study of motions and phenomena of atmosphere, especially for weather forecast, atmospheric character etc
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A meteorologist (one who studies meteorology) can easily pick up a job in the aviation industry, oil and construction companies and can also lecture in the higher institution and post-primary school.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credit level in English language, Mathematics, Geography.
MICRO BIOLOGY
(a) micro-biology deals mostly with the study pathogens
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: this is a readily available job for a micro-biologist in health institution, research centers etc.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credit level in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, English language.
MARKETING
(a) Marketing is a system of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute something of value, wants, satisfying goods and services to the benefit of household consumers or individual users. It is also consist of individual and organization activities aimed at facilitating and expediting exchange within a set of dynamic environment.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A marketer (one who studies marketing) has the chance and the privileged of working in Banks, industries, Insurance; various arm of the government etc.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credit level in English language, Mathematics, Economics/commerce and others.
MATHEMATICS
(a) Mathematics is the science of numbers in which signs and symbols are used for numerical representations.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A graduate of mathematics has chances in banks, school as teacher/lecturer, aviation industry, insurance company etc.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credit levels in Mathematics, English language, Science subjects such as Biology, Agricultural Science etc.
NURSING
(a) nursing deals with reasons charged and trained to care for sick people
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: As humanitarians, nurses can easily be employed in many hospitals and clinics. They can also be employed in a chemist shop, pharmaceutical companies, health departments of various ministries etc.
(c) REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass for university program, including Health Science, English Language, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, mathematics.
However, there are so many schools of nursing across the country which does not require 5 credits. Biology/health sciences are very important.
PHARMACY.
(a) Pharmacy is the study of drugs and drugs culture, which includes the making of therapeutic (curative) drugs and poisons, and the administration and dispensation of drugs through scientific methods based on empirical analysis. Pharmacy has two major branches: (1) Pharmacology (2) Pharmacognosy.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Pharmacy belongs to the group of course we refer to as professional courses. This means that a pharmacist (one who studies pharmacy) is self employed, he/she could set up a drug shop (or a pharmaceutical establishment) where he/she could sell, import, export, prepare, dispense, administer and monitor drugs. He/she could work in drug firms or pharmaceutical companies, like Pfizer, Roche, Emzor, Orange drugs e.t.c. A pharmacist could also work in the hospital as a resident pharmacist has many job opportunities.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level Biology, Chemistry, Physics, English Language, mathematics. e.t.c.
PHYSICS
(a) It is the science that deals with matter, and energy and the relationship between them; it is made up of mechanics, heat, light, sound, electricity, and magnetism.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES:
A physicist can work in various industries, research outfits; teach in post primary and tertiary schools.
© REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credit in physics, English
language, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology etc.
PILOTING
(a) It deals with the operation and manipulation of any air-craft including- jets, Helicopter etc.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A vision industry is readily available to absorb any pilot at a very high pay. The persons can also be an instructor.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass in mathematics, physics, chemistry, English, Geography, etc.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
(a) Political science is the study of the behavior of human beings in politics, the acquisition of governmental powers and governance of people within a space and time.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A political scientist has chances in the following jobs.
(1) TEACHING: He/she can be a lecturer in any higher institution or teach in the post primary schools. (2) He/she could work in any capacity in the local, state or Federal government. He could also work with the electoral body, such as INEC, he/she could be a political adviser to any governmental functionary. There are generally a lot of job opportunities for a political scientist.
(C) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits in English language,
Others include Commerce, Government/History etc.
PHILOSOPHY
(a) it deals with the study and love for wisdom or knowledge. It deals with the ultimate reality or with the most generally causes and principle of things. It includes the study of natural objects and principles of human action etc. A person who studied philosophy is called a philosopher.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Apart from teaching in the higher institution and primary schools, they can work in the various arms of the government especially military and Para-military units e.g. prison, police etc. they can also work with private companies.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass including English Language.
PSYCHOLOGY
(a) it is the study that deals with the behavior of human soul or mind-its nature, function and phenomena. A psychologist is one who studied phenomena.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: psychologist can work in the various arms of police, army etc. They can work in the hospitals, and private companies as well as being able to teach in the university and post primary schools.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credit level pass including English Language, Government/History,
Literature in English, CRK etc
PHYSIOTHERAPY:
(a) Physiotherapy is the use of physical means e.g. exercise, massage, heat, light, electricity in the treatment of disease and the restoration of function after injury.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A physiotherapist (one who studies physiotherapy) can easily get a job in any hospital, the health department of various arms of the government, prison, military etc.
(a) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits –English Language,
Biology, Chemistry, physics, mathematics etc
PHYSIOLOGY
(a) Physiology is the science of normal function and phenomena of living things comprising animals and vegetable e.g. respiration, metabolism, excretion e.t.c a person who studies physiology is called a physiologist.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A physiologist can work in research organization, the various arms of the government and its prostates can also teach in a higher institution or post primary school etc.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass including English Language, Chemistry, biology, physics etc.
SURVEYING
(a) It deals with the measurement and mapping of the earth surface.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A quality surveyor can easily be absorbed by construction companies, oil companies, oil companies etc. he/she can work in the three arms of the government as well as teach in both higher institutions and post primary schools.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass include English Language, Mathematics, physics, chemistry and others can include technical drawing, geography. etc
STATISTICS
(a) Statistic is the numerical study of all activities. It gives a numerical analysis of a concept or idea e.g. population etc
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A statistician (one who studies statistic) can work in the National population commission, all the arms of government and any organization.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level in Mathematics, English Language, Economics, physics etc
THEATRE ART
(a) Theatre art involves any expression done by acting which includes music, dance, drama, poetry etc.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: As a professional course, one who studies theatre art can be self employed. He/she can work with the print and electronic media, various arms of the government and in other industries, especially film, modeling etc.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass including English Language, literature in English and others.
THEOLOGY
(a) It deals with the study of Christian religion, (especially) dealing with knowledge of God as gained from his works by light of nature and reason. Etc
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Apart from beings a church worker, a theologian can not only teach in higher institutions and post primary schools but also work in various arms of the government especially prisons. Social welfare etc.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass including English and CRK
ZOOLOGY
(a) it deals with the study of animals and insects.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Apart from beings able to teach in higher institutions and post primary schools, zoologist can work in various arms of government, zoos and other research units etc.
(c) REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass for university program, including Biology, Health Science, English Language, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, mathematics.
CHOOSING A CAREER: Career involves receiving training in a particular job or profession which one must follow all his/her life. In choosing life’s careers students often find it difficult taking such life long decisions.
Choosing a career demands the help of an enlightened person known as the caree’s counselor well informed on different careers and their job opportunities.
“Career Guide” is very important for students and readers, because one who chooses wrong subjects might end up choosing wrong career and therefore might, also ruin his/her future.
Finally in career’s choice, one must put into cognizance the professional and the non-professional careers.
Professional career are those which instant self-employment for the undertakes at the end of the training e.g. law, medical and pharmaceutical science, engineering, Art, music, Architecture, mass-communication, Agriculture etc.
The non- professional courses do not offer instant self-employment. Government or corporate organization may employ those who read them.
So if you want to be who you want to be, please, choose a career through the help of this “Career Guide”.
A.UDO
ACCOUNTANCY (ACCOUNTING):- Accounting is to record the day-to-day transactions, of an enterprise and summarize such recordings in form of receipts and payment accounts, income and expenditure accounts, profit and loss accounts and balance sheets.
Accountancy is the study of accounting and Book-keeping. It enables the person studying it to understand and record the methods and principles on how an enterprise grows over the years in addition with the financial position of an enterprise, at a particular date.
(a) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: As an accountant, you are qualified to work in Banks, and other financial institutions, industries, schools, hospital etc.
(b) REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS; For any student to be an accountant, he/she must have five credits in English language, mathematics, Accounting (book-keeping)/Economics and any other two subjects.
ARCHITECTURE:-
(a) It deals with the science and the art of design and construction of buildings and structures alike.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: An architect can easily be employed in the construction companies, various arms of the government, can be self-employed as well as teach in a higher institution or post primary school.
(c) REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits including English language, physics, mathematics, fine and applied art, technical Drawing, Geography etc.
ART (FINE AND APPLIED)
(a) Art is a means of self expression involving things done with skill and good taste.
(b) VARIOUS ASPECTS OF ART: They are textile design, graphics, painting, ceramics, sculpture, theatre art etc.
(c) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: They can work in ceramic industries, radio, T.V. and publishing companies, advertising and packaging companies; hospitals etc. an artist can be self-employed.
(d) REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits including art, mathematics, English language and three other subjects,
ARCHAEOLOGY:
(a) It is a method of learning about the past by studying the things left behind by the former people. These things may consist of the remains of their houses, graves, tools, pot etc. the most important tool of archaeology is excavation.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: An archaeologist can work in the various arms of government, Radio, TV etc.
(c) REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits in English Language, Mathematics and three sciences.
ASTRONOMY:
It deals with the study of heavenly bodies – stars, moon etc. (i.e. the study of every thing beyond the confines of the earth.) Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that deals with the physics and the chemistry of heavenly bodies and interstellar space. One who studied astronomy is called an astronomer.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Apart from being a good material in the aviation industries, other research organizations are available for astronomers.
REQUISITE O’LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits O’ Level pass in English language mathematics, physics, Geography etc.
AGRICULTURE:
Agriculture is the entire science, art, and practice of cultivation of the soil as pasture, the production of crops, and it also embraces rearing livestock, forestry, fur-farming etc. Agriculture has so many branches such as agricultural education, Animal husbandry, Agricultural engineering, veterinary medicine, Agricultural science and extension, Fishery, Crop science, Horticulture etc.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Agriculture can work in Banks or any financial institution, industries, schools, government parastatals and they can also be self-employed.
REQUISITE O’LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits pass including agricultural science, English language, mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, economics, geography etc. degree programmes require compulsory credit in chemistry for Vet. Medicine, crop science, animal husbandry, Fishery, Horticulture, Agric-Engineering requires physics while Agric-Economics and Extension require mathematics, economics and one science subject.
ANTHROPOLOGY
This is the study of man as an animal and as a member of a society. An anthropologist is one who studied anthropology.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Anthropologist can work in the Federal, State and Local government, ministry of culture, museum etc. They can also teach in university or other tertiary institutions or post primary school and other research outfits.
REQUISITE O’LEVEL SUBJECTS: For the above course is five credits which must include English language, mathematics Chemistry, Biology,
ATOMICPHYSICS
It deals with atom, Nuclear Energy, Radiation, Subatomic particles.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Various research outfits, industries are readily available.
REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits in mathematics, further mathematics, physics, Chemistry etc.
BANKING AND FINANCE:
(a) It is the study of the rules and principles of banking as regards finance and it deals with necessary policies of related enterprises.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: One who read banking and finance is regarded as a banker and has the chances of working in the bank, insurance and other financial institutions, government ministries, hospital etc.
(c) REQUISITE O’LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credit pass in English language, mathematics, Economics/commerce and any other two arts subject.
BOTANY
(a) This is the study of plant.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Botanists can work in the Agriculture department ministries. They can lecture in a university or teach in post primary school. They can also work in research organizations.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credit level pass in English, Biology, Chemistry etc
BIOLOGY:
(a) It is the study of physical life, its two main divisions are zoology and botany. It is also subdivided into morphology, physiology, embryology, cytology, histology, genetics and paleontology etc
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A biologist can work in research organizations and various industries, teach in post primary and tertiary schools.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credit level pass in English, Biology, Chemistry, mathematics, physics etc
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(a) Business administration is the field of study (discipline) that deals with the administrative work on how business (enterprise) is administered and managed. It is the study of how an organizational activity could be coordinated and achieved with the aid of institution.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: One who reads business administration ultimately becomes the administrator under any business organization. He/she has to be seen as the Head, Manager, administrative officer in establishments like Banks, Insurance agencies, Industries, Hospitals, Schools,
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credit level pass in English, Mathematics, Accounts/Economics and any other two arts subject
BIOPHYSICS
(a) it deals with the enzymes, Evolution, mendelism Radiology etc
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES. As in biology
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT. as in biology
CHEMISTRY.
(a)it is the science of the element and compounds and their laws of combination and behavior under various conditions. It deals with the properties and changes of matter. Chemistry is divided into (a) Organic chemistry (b) Inorganic chemistry.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES: he/she can work in various industries such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pain industries etc. he/she can work in a research organization, teach in post primary/tertiary schools.
© REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credits in English language, chemistry, mathematics, physics, Biology etc.
CARTOGRAPHY:
(a) it deals with the drawing of maps
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A cartographer has many job opportunities, especially in the aviation, army, oil industries and can also work in the various arms of the government.
CRIMINOLOGY:
(a) it is the study of the cause and treatment of crime, it involves the application of a scientific methods and knowledge drawn. From biology, medicine, psychology and low
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A criminologist(one who studies criminology) can easily fit in any establishment-police, army, prison, bank, schools, and industries etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: criminology is the combination of both arts and science subjects and as such require five credits- English language, Biology, Chemistry, Literature in English, Government etc
ECONOMICS
(a) Economics deals with the knowledge of how an economy works both on the micro levels. There are two aspects of economics (1) MICRO ECONOMICS: It is the aspect of economics that studies about the individual as he is affected by the economy (2) MACRO ECONOMICS deals with the aggregate economics activities such as taxation, national income etc
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: An economist can be employed in any organization such as financial institutions (Bank, Insurance companies etc) government and its palatals etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Mathematics, English language, Economics, and others.
ECOLOGY
(a) it is a branch of biology that deals with living organism habits, mode of life and relation to their surroundings.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: An ecologist (one who studies Ecology) can easily work with the various arm of the government ministry that has to do with environment and can also fit in properly in any industry.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credits pass in English Language, Mathematics, Biology, others include Geography, chemistry etc
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
(a) English Language is a course which studies the structure and usage of the Language of the English (British) people.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: As a global language in today’s world, a graduate of the English Language has job chances in schools as a teacher/lecturer, electronic media establishments (Radio and television station) banks (i.e. in the information technology sections)etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: English Language, Literature- in English, Government/history, Christian Religious Knowledge, one choice of tertiary institution)
ENGINEERING
(a) Engineering is the art of designing public utilities, bridges, roads, canals, gas work etc. It Involves making of engines and various components etc. One who studied engineering is called an ENGINEER.
(b) VARIOUS BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING.
(1) CIVIL ENGINEERING: It deals with the construction of road and other structures like bridges, buildings etc
(2) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: Deals with the design and construction of electrical components, electrification of rural and urban areas etc
(3) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING: Deals with the design, construction and repairs of various machines.
(4) AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING: It deals with the design, construction and repairs of agricultural equipment.
(5) CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: It deals with the production of various chemical products e.g. cement, asbestos, admixtures etc
(6) METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING: It Deals with extraction of different metals from their ores, their production and formation, their uses and various equipment they can be used to construct.
(7) METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING: Deals with the study, repairs and maintenance of computer system.
(8) STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING: It deals with the design and construction of heavy structures like bridges, multi-storey building etc
(9)AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING: It deals with the repairs and maintenance of automobile.
(10) Aeronautic engineering: It deals with the design, repair and maintenance of airplanes and other aircrafts.
(11) WATER ENGINEERING: It deals with the supply of water network
(12) MARINE ENGINEERING: It deals with the design, repairs and maintenance of sea facilities like ship, engine boats etc.
(13) MINING ENGINEERING: It deals with the extraction of different minerals etc
(14) PETROL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: It deals with the various processes applied at the refinery to produce light gaseous hydrocarbon form the basis upon which a petrochemical industry has been built up, for the production of plastic, rubber, nylon, fiber etc.
(15) PETROLEUM ENGINEERING: It deals with the study of crude inflammable oil, which is chemically a complex mixture of hydrocarbon with small amount of other substances etc
(C) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: An engineer has chances in the following
jobs.
(1) He/she can lecture in a higher institution of post primary school.
(2) He/she can be employed in the Federal, state or local Government especially in the works departments.
(3) He/she can work with various construction companies, oil companies
(4) He/she can be self employed.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credits pass in English Language, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and of Geography Technical Drawing, Art etc
ESTATE MANAGEMENT
(a) It is defined as all fact of the use, development and management of urban land, including the sale, purchase and letting of residential, commercial and industrial property and the management of urban estates and advice to clients on planning.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: An estate manager, value, surveyor can work in banks, oil companies, construction companies, government ministries. They can be self employed (consultants).
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credit in English Language, Mathematics, and Chemistry etc.
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
(a) Guidance counseling is all about helping people solve their educational, vocational, person and social problems
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: The school is the main place the guidance counselor works. There he direct and guide students so that they will achieve self-actualization and take decision on their own and become responsible for such decision helping them exploit their potential. The guidance counselor can also work in the prisons, the military, social welfare etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credits pass with English Language.
GEOLOGY
(a) It deals with the science of the earth crust, its strata, relations and changes.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A geologist can work in the oil, mining and research industries. He/she can also teach in the higher institution and post primary school.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credits pass in Mathematics, Physics, English, Geography etc
GEOGRAPHY
(a) it is the science that deals with the study of the earths surface from physical natural and political division climate production and population
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Geography can work with the aviation oil and mining industries There are jobs in the various arms of the government for them and teaching in both the higher institution and post primary school is available
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credits level pass including English geography.
HOROLOGY
(d) Horology is the art of making and measuring time- clocks, watches etc.
(e) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Being a professional course a graduate of horology can easily establish and become a self employed. He/she can easily fit into any arms of government and other establishments.
(f) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credits level pass in physics, chemistry, mathematics, English Language and others.
HOME ECONOMICS
(a) it is the application of many sciences and arts towards achieving a healthy and happy home. It concerns its with careful management of human and material resources for individuals, families and communities.
(b) VARIOUS ASPECTS OF HOME ECONOMICS
They are clothing and Texiles, Food and Nutrition, Home management and family living.
(c) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A home economist can teach in the post primary and tertiary schools work in the hotel, food and fashion industries, he/she can also be self-employed
(d) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credits level pass in English Language, mathematics, chemistry, biology, Literature in English, etc.
HISTORY
(a) History is a course which studies past events according to order of their occurrence from the foundation of this world to the present.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A historian has job opportunities in the national museums, achieves, military and Para military outfits such as the army, police customs, etc. He/she could teach/lecture in schools (tertiary institution) etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: History, Government, English, Crs, a science subject and or Mathematics.
LAB- TECHNOLOGY
(a) It deals directly with laboratory investigation of disease
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A lab technologist can easily be self-employed, work in the hospital, drug manufacturing industries etc.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credits level pass including English language, Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Mathematics etc
LAW
(a) Law deals with the body of enacted or customary rules recognize by a community as binding. It is four year professional course studied in a university. The graduate is called to the “Bar” or “Beach” after attending the Nigeria law school which last for about one year..
(b) Different branches of law include
(1) Company law (2) civil law (3) common law, Islamic law (4) commercial law (5) private and property law (6) public and international law. Etc
© JOB OPPORTUNITIES: As a professional course, a lawyer can be self-employed, be employed by various arms of the government and other organizations such as banks, corporate bodies, etc.
(D) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credits level pass including English language, government, literature-in English, CRK.
LINGUISTIC
(a) Linguistics is the scientific study of language (speech sounds). The major branch of linguistic is ACOUSTICS which studies the aero-dynamics of sounds (How sounds move in air).
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Because of its scientific nature a graduate of linguistic (linguist) could secure a job in any audio or audio-visual electronic company. A linguist could also teach/lecture in schools (either secondary or tertiary)
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: English Language, literature, Government/History, Christian Religious Knowledge, a science subject and or Mathematics.
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
(a) Library and information science deals with the library as a store house of knowledge, its importance, and uses for the proper education of the masses. It also deals with the study of dissemination of information to heterogeneous and diversified people through the use of library.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: He/she can work in the banks (information technology dept), libraries, media house, schools and various industries.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: As in mass-communication, but some schools insists on including one science subject like Agric Science.
MASS COMMUNICATIONS
(a) mass communication is a course that studies how information, entertainment and enlighten are passed across to a large number of people (audience) through the mass communication media – traditional, electronic and print which comprise the radio, television, cinema, magazines, newspapers and other journals.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Now that we live in the age of globalization, internet, and computer, the mass communicator remains the only vehicle for mass communication. The graduate of mass communication has job opportunities in TV and Radio stations, Banks (in the information technology department of banks). They can also work as après secretary to government functionaries etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: The required o’ level subject include English, literature in English, Government/history, CRK/Economics, Mathematics or any science subject.
MEDICINE
(a) Medicine is the science that studies the treat of human sickness. Before someone is qualifies to practice medicine include
1. SURGERY: it deals with the manual treatment of injuries, deformities and diseases by operation.
2. MEDICINE: it deals with the restoration of injuries and preservation of health by mean of remedial substances and regulation of diet etc.
3. GYNECOLOGY:IT deals with the science of the reproductive aspect of human life especially women.
4. 0RTHOPEDICS: specializes in the treatment of the structural aspect of human life.
5. DERMATOLOGY: it deals with the skin and related problem.
6. CHIROPODY: it deals with the treatment of feet, toe nail etc.
7. PSYCHIATRY: Deals with the treatment of mental disease.
8. PATHOLOGY: the study of disease.
9. ANATOMY; the study that deals with the arrangement of human parts.
10. OBSTETRICS: Deals with childbirth.
11. PEDIATRICS: deals with care and disease of babies.
12. ANESTHETICS: it deals with the depression of the central nervous system etc (deals with the nature of pain in the body)an invaluable partner in surgery,
13 RADIOLOGY: A scientific study of X-ray, activities, therapy,
14 VIROLOGY: deals with virus.
15. BACTERIOLOGY: study of bacteria.
16. IMMUNOLOGY: study of the immune system
17. CARDIOLOGY: study of the urine and related disease of the heart.
18 URINOLOGY: study of the urine and related disease etc.
19 DENTISTRY: Deals with the teeth.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A medical doctor can readily be self employed, he/she can work with government and private hospitals, health institutions, lecture in a higher institution etc
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credit level in English language mathematics, chemistry, biology, physics etc.
METEROLOGY
(a) It is the study of motions and phenomena of atmosphere, especially for weather forecast, atmospheric character etc
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A meteorologist (one who studies meteorology) can easily pick up a job in the aviation industry, oil and construction companies and can also lecture in the higher institution and post-primary school.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credit level in English language, Mathematics, Geography.
MICRO BIOLOGY
(a) micro-biology deals mostly with the study pathogens
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: this is a readily available job for a micro-biologist in health institution, research centers etc.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credit level in Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, English language.
MARKETING
(a) Marketing is a system of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute something of value, wants, satisfying goods and services to the benefit of household consumers or individual users. It is also consist of individual and organization activities aimed at facilitating and expediting exchange within a set of dynamic environment.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A marketer (one who studies marketing) has the chance and the privileged of working in Banks, industries, Insurance; various arm of the government etc.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: five credit level in English language, Mathematics, Economics/commerce and others.
MATHEMATICS
(a) Mathematics is the science of numbers in which signs and symbols are used for numerical representations.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A graduate of mathematics has chances in banks, school as teacher/lecturer, aviation industry, insurance company etc.
(c) REQUISITE O, LEVEL SUBJECT: Five credit levels in Mathematics, English language, Science subjects such as Biology, Agricultural Science etc.
NURSING
(a) nursing deals with reasons charged and trained to care for sick people
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: As humanitarians, nurses can easily be employed in many hospitals and clinics. They can also be employed in a chemist shop, pharmaceutical companies, health departments of various ministries etc.
(c) REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass for university program, including Health Science, English Language, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, mathematics.
However, there are so many schools of nursing across the country which does not require 5 credits. Biology/health sciences are very important.
PHARMACY.
(a) Pharmacy is the study of drugs and drugs culture, which includes the making of therapeutic (curative) drugs and poisons, and the administration and dispensation of drugs through scientific methods based on empirical analysis. Pharmacy has two major branches: (1) Pharmacology (2) Pharmacognosy.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Pharmacy belongs to the group of course we refer to as professional courses. This means that a pharmacist (one who studies pharmacy) is self employed, he/she could set up a drug shop (or a pharmaceutical establishment) where he/she could sell, import, export, prepare, dispense, administer and monitor drugs. He/she could work in drug firms or pharmaceutical companies, like Pfizer, Roche, Emzor, Orange drugs e.t.c. A pharmacist could also work in the hospital as a resident pharmacist has many job opportunities.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level Biology, Chemistry, Physics, English Language, mathematics. e.t.c.
PHYSICS
(a) It is the science that deals with matter, and energy and the relationship between them; it is made up of mechanics, heat, light, sound, electricity, and magnetism.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES:
A physicist can work in various industries, research outfits; teach in post primary and tertiary schools.
© REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credit in physics, English
language, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology etc.
PILOTING
(a) It deals with the operation and manipulation of any air-craft including- jets, Helicopter etc.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A vision industry is readily available to absorb any pilot at a very high pay. The persons can also be an instructor.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass in mathematics, physics, chemistry, English, Geography, etc.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
(a) Political science is the study of the behavior of human beings in politics, the acquisition of governmental powers and governance of people within a space and time.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A political scientist has chances in the following jobs.
(1) TEACHING: He/she can be a lecturer in any higher institution or teach in the post primary schools. (2) He/she could work in any capacity in the local, state or Federal government. He could also work with the electoral body, such as INEC, he/she could be a political adviser to any governmental functionary. There are generally a lot of job opportunities for a political scientist.
(C) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits in English language,
Others include Commerce, Government/History etc.
PHILOSOPHY
(a) it deals with the study and love for wisdom or knowledge. It deals with the ultimate reality or with the most generally causes and principle of things. It includes the study of natural objects and principles of human action etc. A person who studied philosophy is called a philosopher.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Apart from teaching in the higher institution and primary schools, they can work in the various arms of the government especially military and Para-military units e.g. prison, police etc. they can also work with private companies.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass including English Language.
PSYCHOLOGY
(a) it is the study that deals with the behavior of human soul or mind-its nature, function and phenomena. A psychologist is one who studied phenomena.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: psychologist can work in the various arms of police, army etc. They can work in the hospitals, and private companies as well as being able to teach in the university and post primary schools.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credit level pass including English Language, Government/History,
Literature in English, CRK etc
PHYSIOTHERAPY:
(a) Physiotherapy is the use of physical means e.g. exercise, massage, heat, light, electricity in the treatment of disease and the restoration of function after injury.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A physiotherapist (one who studies physiotherapy) can easily get a job in any hospital, the health department of various arms of the government, prison, military etc.
(a) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits –English Language,
Biology, Chemistry, physics, mathematics etc
PHYSIOLOGY
(a) Physiology is the science of normal function and phenomena of living things comprising animals and vegetable e.g. respiration, metabolism, excretion e.t.c a person who studies physiology is called a physiologist.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A physiologist can work in research organization, the various arms of the government and its prostates can also teach in a higher institution or post primary school etc.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass including English Language, Chemistry, biology, physics etc.
SURVEYING
(a) It deals with the measurement and mapping of the earth surface.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A quality surveyor can easily be absorbed by construction companies, oil companies, oil companies etc. he/she can work in the three arms of the government as well as teach in both higher institutions and post primary schools.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass include English Language, Mathematics, physics, chemistry and others can include technical drawing, geography. etc
STATISTICS
(a) Statistic is the numerical study of all activities. It gives a numerical analysis of a concept or idea e.g. population etc
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: A statistician (one who studies statistic) can work in the National population commission, all the arms of government and any organization.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level in Mathematics, English Language, Economics, physics etc
THEATRE ART
(a) Theatre art involves any expression done by acting which includes music, dance, drama, poetry etc.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: As a professional course, one who studies theatre art can be self employed. He/she can work with the print and electronic media, various arms of the government and in other industries, especially film, modeling etc.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass including English Language, literature in English and others.
THEOLOGY
(a) It deals with the study of Christian religion, (especially) dealing with knowledge of God as gained from his works by light of nature and reason. Etc
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Apart from beings a church worker, a theologian can not only teach in higher institutions and post primary schools but also work in various arms of the government especially prisons. Social welfare etc.
(c) REQUSITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass including English and CRK
ZOOLOGY
(a) it deals with the study of animals and insects.
(b) JOB OPPORTUNITIES: Apart from beings able to teach in higher institutions and post primary schools, zoologist can work in various arms of government, zoos and other research units etc.
(c) REQUISITE O’ LEVEL SUBJECTS: Five credits level pass for university program, including Biology, Health Science, English Language, Chemistry, Physics, Biology, mathematics.
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